H8199. shaphat

שָׁפַט‎₁₈₅ verb judge, govern (Late Hebrew in derivatives; Phoenician שפט‎ = שֹׁפֵט‎, also in proper name; Punic sufet Lzb³⁸¹; Biblical Aramaic שָֽׁפְטִין‎; Assyrian šapâtu (t = ת‎), synonym dânu (דִּין‎), judge Dl^{WB 684}, šip‰u (ט‎), probably judgment [and šapi‰u, caption?] Jen^{ZA iv (1889), 278 f.}; on possible connection with Arabic see Nö^{ZMG xi (1886), 724}; on usage of verb See Ferguson^{JBL viii (1888), 130 ff.}); —

Qal Perfect3masculine singular ׳שׁ‎ Judges 16:31 +, etc.; Imperfect3masculine singular יִשְׁמֹּט‎ Genesis 16:5, יִשְׁמּוֺט‎ Isaiah 11:3; 3masculine plural יִשְׁמְּטוּ‎ Genesis 31:53 +, יִשְׁמּ֫וּטוּ‎ Exodus 18:26 (Ki יִשְׁמּוּט֫וּ‎; compare Ges^{§ 47g}), etc.; Infinitive absolute שָׁפוֺט‎ Genesis 19:9; construct שְׁפֹט‎ Ruth 1:1, לַשְׁמֹּט‎ Exodus 8:13 +, etc.; Imperative שְׁפָטֿ‎ Proverbs 31:9, שָׁפְטָה‎ Psalm 82:8; Lamentations 3:59, שִׁפְטוּ‎ Isaiah 1:17 +, שְׁפֹ֑טוּ‎ Zechariah 7:9, etc.; Participle שֹׁפֵט‎ 1 Samuel 3:13 +, etc.; —

1 act as law-giver, judge, governor (giving law, deciding controversies and executing law, civil, religious, political, social; both early and late):

a. of God only, הארץ כל שֹׁפֵט‎ Genesis 18:25 (J), "" מֶלֶךְ‎,מְחֹקֵק‎ Isaiah 33:22.

b. of man, Genesis 19:9 (twice in verse) (J), Moses deciding cases Exodus 18:13 (E), making known statutes 18:16 (E); so his assistants 18:22; 18:22; 18:26; 18:26 (E), "" Deuteronomy 1:16; of ישׂראל שׁפטי‎ Numbers 25:5 (executioners); ׳י‎ set שֹׁפְטִים‎ over Israel Judges 2:16, 18; 2 Samuel 7:11 = 1 Chronicles 17:10, to deliver Israel, ישׂדאל שׁפט‎ Judges 3:10; 4:4; 10:2, 39t. Judges; 1 Samuel 4:18; 7:15-16, 17; 2 Kings 23:22, compare 1 Samuel 7:6; Participle שֹׁפֵט‎ as substantive also Judges 2:17-18, 19; 1 Samuel 8:1-2, 2 Kings 23:22; יִשׂ ׳שֹׁפְטֵי‎ 1 Chronicles 17:6 ("" 2 Samuel 7:7 שִׂבְטֵי‎), הַשֹּׁפְטִים שְׁפֹט בִּימֵי‎ Ruth 1:1 (twice in verse) (compare מוֺשִׁיעִים‎ Obadiah 21); שׁפט‎, "" מֶלֶךְ‎ 1 Samuel 8:5-6, 20; Hosea 7:7; 13:10; ישׂראל שֹׁפֵט‎ Micah 4:14 (= king); king judges people 1 Kings 3:9 (twice in verse) = 2 Chronicles 1:10; 1 Kings 15:5 2 Chronicles 26:21; 1:11; absolute 1 Kings 7:7; Isaiah 16:5; "" שׂרים‎ Exodus 2:14 (E) Amos 2:3; Zephaniah 3:3; "" יוֺעַץ‎ Isaiah 1:26; Job 12:17, compare Isaiah 3:2; אָרֶץ שֹׁפְטֵי‎ 40:23 ("" רוֺזְנִים‎), Proverbs 8:16 ("" שׂרים‎), Psalm 2:10; 148:11 ("" מלכים‎); שׁפטונו אשׁר שׁפטינו‎ Daniel 9:12 (twice in verse).

2 specifically decide controversy, discriminate between Persons, in civil, political, domestic and religious questions:

a. of God Psalm 82:1: ׳שׁ בֵּיןוּ֗֗֗בֵין‎ Genesis 16:5 (J; domestic), Judges 11:27 (twice in verse); 1 Samuel 24:13; 24:16 (all of war), Ezekiel 34:20 (relig.); with בֵּיןלְ֗֗֗‎ 34:17, 22 (religious); with בֵּנֵינוּ‎ Genesis 31:53 (E; domestic), Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3 (of war); with בְּ‎2 Chronicles 20:12 (war); with accusative 1 Kings 8:32 2 Chronicles 6:23; Ecclesiastes 3:17, condemning wicked and justifying righteous Job 21:22 ("" ידע‎), 23:7; absolute Exodus 5:21 (J) Job 22:13; ׳שׁ צֶדֶק‎ Jeremiah 11:20; Psalm 9:5; ׳י‎ is צַדִּיק שׁוֺפֵט‎ 7:12.

b. of man, ׳שׁ בֵּיןוּ֗֗֗בֵין‎ Exodus 18:16 (E) Numbers 35:24 (P) Deuteronomy 1:16 (all civil), Isaiah 5:3 (relig.); with accusative Leviticus 19:15 (H) Deuteronomy 25:1 (all civil), Ezekiel 20:4 (twice in verse); 22:2 (twice in verse); 23:36; ׳שׁ מִשְׁמָּט‎ Deuteronomy 16:18; 1 Kings 3:28 (Solomon); במשׁפטים‎ Ezekiel 44:24, with ל‎2 Chronicles 19:6; absolute Ezekiel 44:24; Isaiah 11:3 (king); influenced by bribes Micah 3:11; 7:3; Job 9:24; Absalom desires to decide cases as שֹׁפֵט‎ 2 Samuel 15:4 (implying lack of such in his time); according to 2 Chronicles 19:5. 6 Jehoshaphat set up שׁפטים‎, apparently for the first as judges in this specific sense; code of Deuteronomy recognizes them: הַשֹּׁפֵט‎ declares הַמִּשְׁמָּט דְּבַר‎ Deuteronomy 17:9, 12; 25:2; שׁפטים‎ + שֹׁטְרִים‎ 16:18; 1 Chronicles 23:4; 26:29; Joshua 8:33 (+ זְקֵנִים‎), 23:2; 24:1 (D; both + רָאשִׁים זקנים,‎), + זקנים‎ only Deuteronomy 21:2; Ezra 10:14, + כֹּהֲנִים‎ Deuteronomy 19:17-18, שׂרים‎2 Chronicles 1:2.

3 execute judgment:

a. discriminating, of man only, אמת משׁפט‎ Zechariah 7:9, שׁ ׳מֵישָׁרִים‎ Psalm 58:2 judge uprightly; שׁלום משׁפט‎ Zechariah 8:16, צֶדֶק‎ Proverbs 31:9, עָוֶל‎ Psalm 82:2.

b. vindicating, with accusative: (I) subject God, יתום‎ Psalm 10:18, accusative of person 26:1; 43:1; Psalm 58:12 (read שֹׁפְטָם‎ for שׁפטים‎), ׳שׁ משׁפט‎ Lamentations 3:59; מִיַּד‎ vindicate by delivering from hand of 1 Samuel 24:16; 2 Samuel 18:19, 31; ׳י צִדְקִי כְּ שָׁפְטֵנִי‎ Psalm 7:9; צִדְקְךָ כְּ שָׁפְטֵנִי‎ 35:24. (2) subject man, with accusative יתום‎ Isaiah 1:17, 23; דל(יםׅ‎ 11:4; Proverbs 29:14; Psalm 82:3; עם עניי‎ 72:4; אביונים משׁפט‎ Jeremiah 5:28.

c. condemning and punishing, (I) God פ ׳כְּדַרְכֵי‎ according to ways of Ezekiel 7:3, 8; 18:30; 24:14; 33:20; 36:19; במשׁפטים‎ 7:27; 23:24; נאפות משׁפטי‎ 16:38 (= 23:45 of human judges); with accusative 1 Samuel 3:13; Psalm 51:5; Ezekiel 11:10-11, Ezekiel 21:35; 35:11. (2) of man, only נַפְשׁוֺ שֹׁפְטֵי‎ Psalm 109:31 and Ezekiel 23:45 above, probably also Psalm 141:6 (corrupt).

d. at theophanic advent for final judgment: God is שֹׁפֵט‎ Psalm 50:6; 75:8; הארץ שׁפט‎ 94:2, with accusative הארץ לשׁפט בא‎ 96:13 = 1 Chronicles 16:33; Psalm 98:9; ׳שׁ הארץ‎ 82:8; הנוים כל‎ Joel 4:12; עמים‎ 67:5; תבל‎ 9:9; 96:13 = 98:9; ׳שׁ מישׁרים‎ 75:3.

Niph`al Perfect1singular נִשְׁמַּטְתִּי‎ Ezekiel 20:36 4t.; Imperfect1singular אִשָּׁפֵט‎ 20:36; אִשָּֽׁפְטָה‎ 1 Samuel 12:7, etc.; Infinitive construct חִשָּׁפֵט‎2 Chronicles 22:8; suffix הִשָּֽׁפְטוֺ‎ Psalm 37:33; 109:7; Participle נִשְׁמָּט‎ Isaiah 59:4 4t.; —

1 reciprocal, (Ges^{§ 51d}), enter into controversy, plead: with אֵת‎ with, of God Jeremiah 2:35; Ezekiel 17:20; 20:35-36, (twice in verse); 38:22; of man 1 Samuel 12:7 (+ ᵐ5 לָכֶם וְאַגִּידָה‎ We Dr Bu^Hpt Now), Proverbs 29:9; with עִם‎, of God Joel 4:2, of man 2 Chronicles 22:8; with ל‎, of God Jeremiah 25:31; ׳נשׁ יחד‎ Isaiah 43:26 have controversy together; באשׁ‎ by fire (of God) 66:16; באמונה‎ 59:4.

2 passive be judged, Psalm 9:20; 37:33; 109:7.

Pô`el Participle suffix מְשֹׁפְטִי‎ (dubious; Hi Bu מִשְׁמָּטִי‎), = my apponent-at-law (Ges^{§ 55b}) Job 9:15; + Zf 3:15; Psalm 109:31 We and others

[שְׁפַט‎] verb judge (Biblical Hebrew שָׁפַט‎); — Participle as plural noun absolute שָֽׁפְמִין‎ Ezra 7:25 judges.

שַׁמִּיר‎ see שׁפר‎. below