H5704. ad

III. עַד‎, in poetry עֲדֵי‎ ( Numbers 24:20, 24; Psalm 104:23; 147:6; Job 7:4; 20:5, and in עַד עֲדֵי‎ Isaiah 26:4; 65:18; Psalm 83:18; 92:8; 132:12; 132:14:compare עֲלֵי אֱלֵי,‎),

preposition as far as, even to, up to, until, while (Aramaic עד‎, Sabean עדי עד,‎, Mordtm^{ZMG xxx (1876), 27}; DHM^{xxxvii (1883), 414}, Assyrian adi Dl^{§ 81 a} (Arabic is except); perh akin to pass on, advance to, Kö^{ii. 304, 309:} עֲדֵי‎ probably from ground-form ±¦d¦y, Ol^{428, 431} Kö^{ii. 309 ff.}; but Lag^{Sym. ii. 101-3, Mitth. i. 231 f.}, as plur. like אַחֲרֵי‎); — with suffix עָדַי‎ Numbers 23:18 +, עָדֶיךָ‎ Micah 4:8 +, etc., עָֽדיֵכֵם‎ Job 32:12; 2 Kings 9:18 עַדהֵֿם‎ occurs; — as far as, even to (differing from אֶל‎ in that the limit is included, as in Arabic Fl^{Kl. Schr. i. 402 f.}):

I. preposition 1. of space; —

a. Genesis 11:31 חרן עד ויבאו‎ as far as Haran, 12:6; 13:3, 12 + often, Isaiah 8:8 יגעַ צואר עד‎, 15:4 קולם נשׁמע יהץ עד‎, 25:12; 26:5; Psalm 36:6 שׁחקים עד אמונתך‎, 69:2 נפשׁ עד מים דאו‎ (compare Jonah 2:6; Micah 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10, 18), Jer 90:3דַּכָּא עַד אֱנוֺשׁ תָּשֵׁד‎ Job 11:7, etc.; pregnantly Psalm 118:27 וגו עַד חָג ׳אִסְדוּ‎ bind . . . (and lead) up to . . .; Isaiah 57:9 מֵרָחוק עַד‎ even to afar (מִן‎

1c); with the goal a person, Exodus 22:8 שְׁנֵיהֶם דְבַר יָבאֹ האלהים עד‎, 1 Samuel 9:9; Psalm 65:3 יָבאֹוּ כָלבָּֿשָׂר עָדֶיךָ‎ Isaiah 45:24; Job 4:5, י עַד ׳שׁוּב‎ Hosea 14:2 al. (see שׁוּב‎, stronger than אֶליֿ ׳שׁוּב‎); in poetry Numbers 24:20 אֹבֵד עֲדֵי וְאַחֲדִיתוֺ‎ shall be even unto destruction, shall issue in destruction, 24:24; rarely with verbs of attending, עַד הֶאֱזִין‎ 23:18, עַד הִתְבּוֺנֵן‎ Job 32:12; 38:18 (usually אֶל‎). Before another perp., 1 Samuel 7:11 ל מִתַּחַת ׳עַד‎ 1 Kings 4:12 מֵעַל עַד ל, מֵעֵבֶר ׳עַד‎ Ezekiel 41:20, לִפְנֵי עַד‎ Esther 4:2, and even (si vera. l.) אְלֵיהֶם עַד‎ 2 Kings 9:20:compare נֶגֶד עַד‎ Nehemiah 3:16, 26, נֹכַח עַד‎ Judges 19:10 +.

b. In the combination (וְ)עַד ֗֗֗ מִן‎, as Genesis 10:19 עַזָּה עַד ֗֗֗ מצידון‎ from Sidon . . . as far as Gaza + often (see מן‎

5a); and idiomatic, not of actual space, but of class of objects, to express the idea of both... and, as Genesis 19:4 זָקִן וְעַד מִנַּעַר‎ from young to old (inclusively) = both young and old (see מִן‎

5b); without מִן‎, even to = including, Leviticus 11:42; Numbers 8:4 even to (i. e. including) it base and its flower, compare 1 Samuel 18:4.

2 Of time:

a. (a) even to, until Genesis 8:5 even to the 10th month, Exodus 12:6 unto the 14th day, etc., 12:15; 12:18, etc.; היום עד‎ unto this day, Genesis 19:37-38, הזה היום עד‎ 26:33; Genesis 32:33, both + often; יום עד‎ followed by infinitive Exodus 40:37; Joshua 6:10; Judges 18:30; בקר עד‎ till morning, Exodus 12:10 + (15 t.), הבקר עד‎ 16:23 + (11 t.); so (ה)ערב עד‎ 18:13-14, +, in poetry ערב עֲרֵי‎ Psalm 104:23; עוֺלָם עַד‎ Genesis 13:15 + often; מְּעָמִים שֶׁבַע עַד‎ 2 Kings 4:35; וָדוֺר דּוֺר עַד‎ Isaiah 13:20; see also בְּלִי‎, and בִּלְתִּי‎, near the end and followed by another preposition, Leviticus 23:16 הַשַּׁבָּת מִמָּחֳרַת עַד‎, Nehemiah 13:9 הַשַּׁבָּת אַחַר עַד‎. With the force of against, Judges 6:31 הַבֹּקֶר עַד יוּמַת‎; compare (b) end. (b) followed by infinitive, both of past time, as Genesis 8:7; Genesis 32:35 הַשַּׁחַר עֲלוֺת עַד‎, 33:3; 34:5, and especially future time, as 3:19 שׁוּבְךָ עַד‎ until thy returning, 19:22; 27:45; Deuteronomy 7:20, 23; 20:20; 22:2; 28:20, 22, — both + often; compare בּוֺשׁ עַד‎ Judges 3:25 +; ֗֗֗ תֹּם עַד‎ Leviticus 25:29 10t.; תֻּמָּם עַד‎ Deuteronomy 2:15 +; כַּלֵּה עַד‎ 2 Kings 13:17, 19; Ezekiel 19:14; כַּלּוֺתָ(םׅ עַד‎ 1 Samuel 15:18; Jeremiah 9:15 +; הַבֹּקֶר אוֺר עַד‎ Judges 16:2 +; also in אֹתָם הִשְׁמִדְךָ עַד‎ Deuteronomy 7:24 (compare 28:48; Joshua 11:14; 1 Kings 15:29; 2 Kings 3:25; 10:17; 24:20 ["" Jeremiah 52:3 הִשְׁלִיכוֺ‎]; on the anomalous ׳הִ‎, see Dr, read probably ׳הַ‎); and most probably compare Kö^{iii. 583}) in שָׂרִיד (לָהֶם) לוֺ הִשְׁאִיר בִּלְתִּי עַד‎ Deuteronomy 3:3 (see Dr), + 5 t. (see above), read probably הַשְׁאִיר‎. With the force of towards the end of, against, especially in בֹּאָ(םׅ עַד‎, Genesis 43:25; Exodus 22:25; Numbers 10:21 בֹּאָם עַד המשׁכן את והקימו‎ used to set up the tabernacle against their coming, 2 Kings 16:11; Ezekiel 33:22; compare 2 Samuel 17:22. Elliptical Judges 16:2 וַהֲרַגְנוּהוּ הַבֹּקֶד אוֺד עַד‎ (wait) till the morning dawn, and we slay him! (GFM; Dr^{§ 115}). (c) with various adverbs of time. (q. v.) as עַתָּה עַד כֵּן, עַד כֹּה, עַד הֵנָּה, עַד מָתַי, עַד עַדמָֿה, אָנָה, עַד‎, compare פְעָמִים כַּמֶּה עַד‎ (see מָה‎

4b). (d) to suffest also degree (compare

3), מָקוֺם אֵין עַד‎ until there is no place Isaiah 5:8, מִסְמָּר אֵין עַד‎ Psalm 40:13; Job 5:9; 9:10; compare Leviticus 26:18 וְאִםעַֿדאֵֿלֶּה‎ and if even up to these things, even the end of all these punishment, you do not hearken to me.

b. During (rare; prop, as far as the limit indicated, including the time previous, compare ἔως: so often Aramaic עַד‎, , while), 2 Kings 9:22 what is peace אִיזֶבֶל זְנוּנֵי עַד‎ during, etc.,? Job 20:5 רָ֑גַע עֲדֵי‎ during a moment; followed by infinitive Judges 3:26 הִתְמַהְמְהָם עַד‎ during their delaying, Exodus 33:22; Job 7:19 רֻקִּי בִּלְעִי עַד‎ Jonah 4:2.

3 Of degree, to suggest a higher or the highest; as מְאֹד עַד‎ even to muchness, i.e. exceedingly (see מְאֹד‎), מְהֵרָה עַד‎ even to haste Psalm 147:15; Esther 5:6 וְתֵעָשׂ הַמַּלְכוּת עַדחֲֿצִי וּמַהבֻּֿקָּשָׁתֵךְ‎, 5:3; 7:2. See also לְ עַד‎, below. With a negative, to express not even as much as, Deuteronomy 2:5 רָ֑גֶל כַּף מִדְרַךְ עַד מארצם לכם אתן לא‎, and with אֶחָד‎, Exodus 9:7 עַדאֶֿחָד ֗֗֗ מֵת לֹא‎, simil. 14:28; Judges 4:16; 2 Samuel 17:22 (read אֶחָד‎ for ׃אַחַד‎ see Dr). Sts. almost = Latin adeo, 1 Samuel 2:5 (si vera lectio) שׁבעה ילדה עֲקָרָה עַד‎ even to the barren, she hath borne seven, i.e. even the barren hath, etc., Job 25:5 יאהיל ולא עדיָֿרֵחַ הן‎, Haggai 2:19. In comparisons, to the degree of, even like (rare), Nahum 1:10 סְבֻכִים סִירִים עַד‎ (text dubious) entangled even like thorns, 1 Chronicles 4:27 יהודה בני עד הִרְבּוּ לא‎ did not multiply to the degree of (i.e.like), etc. compare. 2 Samuel 23:19 בָא לֹא הַשְּׁלשָׁה עַד‎ did not attain (in prowess) unto the three.

II. conjunction 1. until; —

a אֲשֶׁר עַד‎ until that: (a) with perfect, of past time, Exodus 32:20 דָּק אשׁר עד ויטחן‎ (Deuteronomy 9:21), 2:14 עָבַרְנוּ אשׁר עד‎, Joshua 3:17; 8:26; Judges 4:24; 1 Kings 10:7 (2 Chronicles 9:6), 2 Kings 17:20, 23; 21:16; with suggestion of degree, 1 Samuel 30:4 (followed byאֵין‎), 1 Kings 17:17; rarely of future time (the 'future perfect,' Dr^{§ 17}), 2 Samuel 17:13 (of degree), Ezekiel 34:21 So -שֶׁ עַד‎ (often in Late Hebrew; see שֶׁ‎) Judges 5:7; Song of Solomon 3:4 (twice in verse); כִּי עַד‎ Genesis 26:13 מְאֹד כִּיגָֿדַל עַד‎, 41:49; 2 Samuel 23:10; 2 Chronicles 26:15; and (of future time) אִם אֲשֶׁר עַד‎ Genesis 28:15; Numbers 32:17; Isaiah 6:11. (b) with imperfect, usually of future time, Genesis 27:44 אָחִיךָ חֲמַר תָּשׁוּב אֲשֶׁר עַד‎, 29:8; Exodus 23:30; 24:14; Leviticus 22:4; Numbers 11:20; 20:17; 1 Samuel 22:3; Hosea 5:15 +; rarely of past time, Jonah 4:5 יראה אשׁר עד‎ till he should see, Ecclesiastes 2:3. So (of the future) -שֶׁ עַד‎ Song of Solomon 2:7, 17; 3:5; 4:6; 8:4; Psalm 123:2; and כִּי עַד‎ Genesis 49:10 שִׁילֹה כִּייָֿבאֹ עַד‎.

b. עַד‎ alone, until: (a) with perfect, of past time, Joshua 2:22; 4:23 עַדעָֿבַרְנוּ‎, 1 Samuel 20:41 הִגְדִּיל דָּוִד עַד‎, 2 Samuel 21:10; 1 Kings 11:16; Ezekiel 28:15; of the future (rare), 2 Kings 7:3 מָ֑תְנוּ עַד‎, Ezekiel 39:15; Daniel 11:36 זָ֑עַם כָּלָה עַד‎. So סִם עַד‎ (of the future), Genesis 24:19, 33; Isaiah 30:17; Ruth 2:21. (b) with imperfect, of future time, 1 Samuel 1:22 (elliptic: compare Judges 16:2,

12a (b) end), Isaiah 22:14; 26:20; 32:15; 62:1, 7; Psalm 57:2; 71:18; Job 27:5 +; of the past (rare), Exodus 15:16 עמך יעבור עד‎, 15:16; Joshua 10:13 (poetry) אוֺיְבָיו גּוֺי יִקֹּם עַד‎, Psalm 73:17. — N.B. In poetry, עַד‎ is sometimes used to mark not an absolute close, but an epoch or turning-point, in the future, as 110:1 (see De) לְרַגְלֶיךָ הֲדֹם אֹיְבֶיךָ אָשִׁית עַד‎, Hosea 10:12; Job 14:6 (but see

3); after a negative clause, Genesis 49:10; Numbers 23:24; Isaiah 42:4; Psalm 71:18; 112:8; Job 8:21 (but read probably with Ew Hi Di Du al. עֹד‎ he will yet, etc., understanding 8:20 as present, not future).

2 While (rare: compare 12 b): —

a. with perfect, 1 Samuel 14:19 שׁאול דִּבֶּר עד‎ while Saul spake.

b. with imperfect, Psalm 141:10 אֶעֱבֹר עַד אָנֹכִי יַחד‎ while I at the same time pass by.

c. with participle, Job 1:18 מְדַבֵּר זֶה עַד‎ (but read probably עֹד‎, as 1:16; 1:17), Nehemiah 7:3.

d. -שֶׁ עַד‎ (without verb) Song of Solomon 1:12. So לֹא עַד‎ while not = ere yet (of past time) Proverbs 8:26 אדץ עשׂה לא עד‎ (so לָא עַד‎, , often, e.g. Genesis 24:15 ᵑ7‎, Matthew 1:18); and לא אשׁר עד‎ (of the future) Ecclesiastes 12:1-2, 6 (compare Talmud דְּלָא עַד‎, Mishna עַד שֶׁלּאֹ‎).

3 Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare), Isaiah 47:7 Thou saidst, I shall be for ever a lady, לִבֵךְ עַל אֵלֶּה שַׂמְתְּ לֹא עַד‎ to the point that (going so far in thy pride that) thou didst not, etc. (but Hi Che Du al. join עַד גְּבֶרֶת‎ I shall be for ever, a lady perpetually; see I. עַד‎); Job 14:6 (Di De Bu Du) to the point that he may enjoy, etc., Isaiah 22:14 (Du). In Joshua 17:14 י ֵבּרְכַנִי כֹּה ׳עַד אֲשֶׁר עַד‎, read אֲשֶׁר עַל‎ because that (Ges Buhl; compare Di).

III. לְ עַד‎, a strengthened form for עַד‎, found chiefly in Chronicles, Ezra, and occurring in most of the above senses. Thus

1 of space: עַד חֲמָת לְבוֺא‎ Joshua 13:5; Judges 3:3; 1 Chronicles 13:5, ל ׳עד מִדְבָּ֫רָה‎ 5:9, ל ׳עד מצרים‎2 Chronicles 16:8; הַגָּ֑יְא לְמִזְרַהּ עַד‎ 1 Chronicles 4:39, לַמְצָד עַד‎ 12:17; לִגְרָר עַד‎2 Chronicles 14:12; לַשָּׁמַיִם עַד‎28:9; Ezra 9:6.

2 Of time: לעולם עד‎ 1 Chronicles 23:25; 28:7; עַד לְמֵרָחוֺק‎2 Chronicles 26:15; Ezra 3:13; 9:4 הערב למנחת עד‎; הַזֶּה לַדָּבָר עַד‎ 10:14 probably during (Keil^Ges Be with regard to, strengthened for לְ‎); followed by infinitive הַמִּנְחָה לַעֲלוֺת עַד‎ 1 Kings 18:29; לִכְלוֺת עַד‎ 1 Chronicles 28:20; 2 Chronicles 29:28; לְכַלֵּה עַד‎24:10; 31:1; להשׁחית עד‎26:16; לָמוּת עַד‎32:24 ("" 2 Kings 20:1 לָמוּת‎ alone); Ezra 10:14 להשׁיב עד‎.

3 Of degree: גָדוֺל לְמַחֲנֶה עַד‎ even unto (till there was) a great camp, 1 Chronicles 12:23; לְמַ֫עְלָה עַד‎ = exceedingly2 Chronicles 16:12; 17:12; 26:8; לִמְאֹד עַד‎16:14; לְשִׂמְחָה עַד‎29:30 לָרֹב עַד‎2Chron 31:30; מַרְמֵּא לְאֵין עַד‎36:16.